자본지배 인류세와 시민적 진보의 길 - 한나 아렌트와 칼 폴라니가 오늘에 주는 통찰
1. 사회경제적 불평등은, 물론 그 자체도 심각한 문제지만 거기에 그치지 않고 정치적 빈곤, 정치적 불평등을 가져 온다.
6. 오늘날 거대한 문명적 위기의 출구는 결코 한가지가 아니다. 우리는 폴라니가 일러준 '이중 운동'의 시선을 가져야 한다. 민주주의가 무력할 때(연성 민주주의), 권위주의, 포퓰리즘, 파시즘 등이 역사적 기회를 가로 챈다.물론 이도 저도 아닌 탈헤게모니(dishegemony)적 혼돈과 위기 심화의 길도 열려 있다.
참고.
아렌트, [인간의 조건]에서 자본의 영속적 시초축적과 세계 소외, 세계성의 희생에 대해 말하다.
"World alienation, and not self-alienation as Marx thought, has been the hallmark of the modern age. Expropriation, the deprivation for certain groups of their place in the world and their naked exposure to the exigencies of life, created both the original accumulation of wealth and the possibility of transforming this wealth into capital through labor. These together constituted the conditions for the rise of a capitalist economy. That this development, started by expropriation and fed upon it, would result in an enormous increase in human productivity was manifest from the beginning, centuries before the industrial revolution. The new laboring class, which literally lived from hand to mouth, stood not only directly under the compelling urgency of life's necessity but was at the same time alienated from all cares and worries which did not immediately follow from the life process itself... What distinguishes this development at the beginning of the modern age from similar occurrences in the past is that expropriation and wealth accumulation did not simply result in new property or lead to a new redistribution of wealth, but were fed back into the process to generate further expropriations, greater productivity, and more appropriation"
(Arendt, Human Condition, 254-255).